THE JOURNAL OF REGIONAL HISTORY V.1 No.4
Public sentiments of the population in Vologda Governorate on the eve of the February Revolution
DOI:
Full text:
The article is devoted to the analysis of public sentiments of the population in Vologda Governorate in the period since the beginning of World War I and until the February Revolution. Reports of gendarmes and police officials to their administration adequately reflect the state of affairs locally and serve as the main source of information. The article shows how the patriotic spirit in the first months of the war began to give way to psychological and physical fatigue due to the hardships of war and disruption of the routine way of economic life. The author notes that the anti-German and, to a lesser degree, the anti-Semitic views that appeared during the war could be dangerous signs of aggravation of the social tension. Rising prices and the ongoing shortage of food and essential goods, together with the inability of the central and the local authorities to solve this problem, pushed the population to self-assembly and struggle. Immediately prior to the February Revolution, many people felt that the Tsarist regime was the reason of all failures and misery. Anti-war statements became widely spread, the Tsar and the government often faced sharp criticism; there were cases of open non-fulfilment of orders issued by the authorities. All the materials in the article acknowledge the naturally-determined character of the February Revolution.
1. Astashov A.B. Russkiy front v 1914 – nachale 1917 goda: voennyy opyt i sovremennost' [Russian Front in 1914 – early 1917: War Experience and Modernity]. Moscow: Novyy khronograf, 2014. 740 p. (In Russian)
2. Balyberdin Yu.A. Narastanie protestnykh nastroeniy naroda v gody Pervoy Mirovoy Voyny v Vyatsko-Kamskom regione [The rise of protest attitudes among the population during World War I in the Vyatka-Kama region]. Vestnik Vyatskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta [Bulletin of Vyatka State University], 2011, no. 1, pp. 39–46. (In Russian)
3. Belov S.B. Patriotizm v gody Pervoy Mirovoy Voyny (1914 – 1916 gg.). Vzglyad iz Nizhnego [Patriotism in World War I (1914 – 1916). A View from Nizhniy]. Nizhniy Novgorod, 2008. 180 p. (In Russian)
4. Belova I.B. Pervaya Mirovaya Voyna i Rossiyskaya provintsiya. 1914 – fevral' 1917 g. [The First World War and the Russian Province. 1914 – February 1917]. Moscow: AIRO-KhKhI, 2011. 288 p. (In Russian)
5. Bol'shaya voyna Rossii: Sotsial'nyi poryadok, publichnaya kommunikatsiya i nasilie na rubezhe Tsarskoy i Sovetskoy epokh [Great War of Russia: Social Order, Public Communication and Violence at the Turn of the Tsarist and Soviet Eras]. Moscow: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 2014. 208 p. (In Russian)
6. Egorov A.N. Organizatsii pravykh partiy v gorodakh Evropeyskogo Severa Rossii v nachale XX veka [Organization of right-wing parties in the cities in the North European Russia in the early 20th century]. Vestnik Cherepovetskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta [Bulletin of Cherepovets state University], 2013, no. 1 (46), vol. 2, pp. 29–32. (In Russian)
7. Epokha voyn i revolyutsiy: 1914–1922: Materialy mezhdunarodnogo kollokviuma [The Era of Wars and Revolutions: 1914–1922: Proceedings of the International Colloquium]. St Petersburg: Nestor-Istoriya, 2017. 496 p. (In Russian)
8. Figes O. A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution 1891–1924. Leningrad, 1996. 923 p.
9. Fuller U. Vnutrenniy vrag: Shpionomaniya i zakat Imperatorskoy Rossii [Internal Enemy: Spy Mania and Decline of Imperial Russia]. Moscow: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 2009. 376 p. (In Russian)
10. Gatrell P. A Whole Empire Walking: Refugees in Russia during World War I. Bloomington, 2005. 318 p.
11. Gatrell P. Russia's First World War: A Social and Economic History. Harlow, 2005. 318 p.
12. Gaudin C. Ruling Peasants: Village and State in Late Imperial Russia. DeKalb, 2007. 278 p.
13. Golikova N.I. K voprosu o vzaimodeistvii Gosudarstvennykh uchrezhdeniy i Obshchestvennykh organizatsiy v gody Pervoy Mirovoy Voyny (po materialam Vologodskoy gubernii) [To the question about interaction of state institutions and public organizations during World War I (on materials of Vologda Governorate]. Istoricheskoe kraevedenie i arkhivy: sb. statey [Historical Local Studies and Archives: Collection of Articles]. Vologda, 2003, vol. 9, pp. 133–140. (In Russian)
14. Haimson L.H. ‘The problem of political and social stability in urban Russia on the eve of war and revolution’ Revisited. Slavic Review, 2000, vol. 59, no. 4, pp. 848–875.
15. Haimson L. The problem of the social stability in urban Russia, 1905–1917. Slavic review. 1964, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 619–642; 1965, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 1–22.
16. Katkov G.M. Fevral'skaya revolyutsiya [The February Revolution]. Moscow: Russkiy put', 1997. 432 p. (In Russian)
17. Kolonitskii B.I. ‘Tragicheskaya erotika’: Obrazy Imperatorskoy sem'i v gody Pervoy Mirovoy Voyny [‘Tragic erotica’: Images of the Imperial Family during World War I]. Moscow: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 2010. 664 p. (In Russian)
18. Kriticheskiy slovar' Russkoy revolyutsii [A Critical Dictionary of the Russian Revolution]. St. Petersburg: Nestor-Istoriya, 2014. 768 p. (In Russian)
19. Kuz'mina I.V., Lubkov A.V. Knyaz' Shakhovskoy: Put' russkogo liberala [Prince Shakhovskoy: The Path of a Russian Liberal]. Moscow: Molodaya gvardiya, 2008. 362 p. (In Russian)
20. Lor E. Russkiy natsionalizm i Rossiyskaya Imperiya: Kampaniya protiv ‘vrazheskikh poddannykh’ v gody Pervoi Mirovoi Voiny [Russian Nationalism and the Russian Empire: The Campaign against ‘enemy nationals’ during World War I]. Moscow: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 2012. 304 p. (In Russian)
21. Rossiya v gody Pervoi Mirovoi Voiny, 1914–1918: materialy Mezhdunarodnoi nauchnoi konferentsii [Russia During World War I, 1914–1918: Proceedings of the International Conference]. Moscow: Institut rossiyskoy istorii RAN, 2014. 712 p. (In Russian)
22. Rossiya v gody Pervoi Mirovoi Voiny: ekonomicheskoe polozhenie, sotsial'nye protsessy, politicheskiy krizis [Russia during World War I: Economic Situation, Social Processes, Political Crisis]. Moscow: Politicheskaya entsiklopediya, 2014. 982 p. (In Russian)
23. Rossiya i Pervaya Mirovaya Voina: ekonomicheskie problemy, obshchestvennye nastroeniya, mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya: sb. statei [Russia and World War I: Economic problems, Public Sentiments, International Relations: Collection of Articles]. Moscow: Institut rossiiskoy istorii RAN, 2014. 416 p. (In Russian)
24. Rossiya i Pervaya Mirovaya Voina: materialy mezhdunarodnogo nauchnogo kollokviuma [Russia and World War I: Materials of the International Scientific Colloquium]. St Petersburg: Dmitrii Bulanin, 1999. 560 p. (In Russian)
25. Shashkov V.I. Politicheskie nastroeniya sibirskogo krest'yanstva v gody Pervoy Mirovoy Voyny (iyul' 1914 – fevral' 1917 gg.) [Political Climate among Siberian Peasantry during World War I (July 1914 – February 1917). Author’s Abstract…Doctoral Dissertation]. Novosibirsk, 2001. 39 p. (In Russian)
26. Shilovskii M.V. Pervaya Mirovaya Voyna 1914–1918 godov i Sibir' [World War I of 1914 – 1918 and Siberia]. Novosibirsk: Avtograf, 2015. 330 p. (In Russian)
27. Smirnov I.A. Kirillovskii uyezd v gody Pervoi Mirovoi Voiny [Kirillov Uyezd during World War I]. Kirillov [Kirillov]. Vologda: Legiya, 2005, vol. 6, pp. 136–156. (In Russian)
28. Swain G. Russian Social Democracy and the Legal Labour Movement, 1906–1914. London, 1983. 239 p.
29. Troshina T.I. Velikaya voyna i Severnyy kray: Evropeiskiy Sever Rossii v gody Pervoy Mirovoy Voyny [The Great War and the Northern region: European North of Russia during World War I]. Arkhangel'sk: ID SAFU [Publishing house of Northern (Arctic) Federal University], 2014. 344 p. (In Russian)
30. Vologda v minuvshem tysyacheletii: Ocherki istorii goroda [Vologda in the Last Millennium: Essays on the History of the City]. Vologda: Drevnosti Severa, 2006. 240 p. (In Russian)
2. Balyberdin Yu.A. Narastanie protestnykh nastroeniy naroda v gody Pervoy Mirovoy Voyny v Vyatsko-Kamskom regione [The rise of protest attitudes among the population during World War I in the Vyatka-Kama region]. Vestnik Vyatskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta [Bulletin of Vyatka State University], 2011, no. 1, pp. 39–46. (In Russian)
3. Belov S.B. Patriotizm v gody Pervoy Mirovoy Voyny (1914 – 1916 gg.). Vzglyad iz Nizhnego [Patriotism in World War I (1914 – 1916). A View from Nizhniy]. Nizhniy Novgorod, 2008. 180 p. (In Russian)
4. Belova I.B. Pervaya Mirovaya Voyna i Rossiyskaya provintsiya. 1914 – fevral' 1917 g. [The First World War and the Russian Province. 1914 – February 1917]. Moscow: AIRO-KhKhI, 2011. 288 p. (In Russian)
5. Bol'shaya voyna Rossii: Sotsial'nyi poryadok, publichnaya kommunikatsiya i nasilie na rubezhe Tsarskoy i Sovetskoy epokh [Great War of Russia: Social Order, Public Communication and Violence at the Turn of the Tsarist and Soviet Eras]. Moscow: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 2014. 208 p. (In Russian)
6. Egorov A.N. Organizatsii pravykh partiy v gorodakh Evropeyskogo Severa Rossii v nachale XX veka [Organization of right-wing parties in the cities in the North European Russia in the early 20th century]. Vestnik Cherepovetskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta [Bulletin of Cherepovets state University], 2013, no. 1 (46), vol. 2, pp. 29–32. (In Russian)
7. Epokha voyn i revolyutsiy: 1914–1922: Materialy mezhdunarodnogo kollokviuma [The Era of Wars and Revolutions: 1914–1922: Proceedings of the International Colloquium]. St Petersburg: Nestor-Istoriya, 2017. 496 p. (In Russian)
8. Figes O. A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution 1891–1924. Leningrad, 1996. 923 p.
9. Fuller U. Vnutrenniy vrag: Shpionomaniya i zakat Imperatorskoy Rossii [Internal Enemy: Spy Mania and Decline of Imperial Russia]. Moscow: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 2009. 376 p. (In Russian)
10. Gatrell P. A Whole Empire Walking: Refugees in Russia during World War I. Bloomington, 2005. 318 p.
11. Gatrell P. Russia's First World War: A Social and Economic History. Harlow, 2005. 318 p.
12. Gaudin C. Ruling Peasants: Village and State in Late Imperial Russia. DeKalb, 2007. 278 p.
13. Golikova N.I. K voprosu o vzaimodeistvii Gosudarstvennykh uchrezhdeniy i Obshchestvennykh organizatsiy v gody Pervoy Mirovoy Voyny (po materialam Vologodskoy gubernii) [To the question about interaction of state institutions and public organizations during World War I (on materials of Vologda Governorate]. Istoricheskoe kraevedenie i arkhivy: sb. statey [Historical Local Studies and Archives: Collection of Articles]. Vologda, 2003, vol. 9, pp. 133–140. (In Russian)
14. Haimson L.H. ‘The problem of political and social stability in urban Russia on the eve of war and revolution’ Revisited. Slavic Review, 2000, vol. 59, no. 4, pp. 848–875.
15. Haimson L. The problem of the social stability in urban Russia, 1905–1917. Slavic review. 1964, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 619–642; 1965, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 1–22.
16. Katkov G.M. Fevral'skaya revolyutsiya [The February Revolution]. Moscow: Russkiy put', 1997. 432 p. (In Russian)
17. Kolonitskii B.I. ‘Tragicheskaya erotika’: Obrazy Imperatorskoy sem'i v gody Pervoy Mirovoy Voyny [‘Tragic erotica’: Images of the Imperial Family during World War I]. Moscow: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 2010. 664 p. (In Russian)
18. Kriticheskiy slovar' Russkoy revolyutsii [A Critical Dictionary of the Russian Revolution]. St. Petersburg: Nestor-Istoriya, 2014. 768 p. (In Russian)
19. Kuz'mina I.V., Lubkov A.V. Knyaz' Shakhovskoy: Put' russkogo liberala [Prince Shakhovskoy: The Path of a Russian Liberal]. Moscow: Molodaya gvardiya, 2008. 362 p. (In Russian)
20. Lor E. Russkiy natsionalizm i Rossiyskaya Imperiya: Kampaniya protiv ‘vrazheskikh poddannykh’ v gody Pervoi Mirovoi Voiny [Russian Nationalism and the Russian Empire: The Campaign against ‘enemy nationals’ during World War I]. Moscow: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 2012. 304 p. (In Russian)
21. Rossiya v gody Pervoi Mirovoi Voiny, 1914–1918: materialy Mezhdunarodnoi nauchnoi konferentsii [Russia During World War I, 1914–1918: Proceedings of the International Conference]. Moscow: Institut rossiyskoy istorii RAN, 2014. 712 p. (In Russian)
22. Rossiya v gody Pervoi Mirovoi Voiny: ekonomicheskoe polozhenie, sotsial'nye protsessy, politicheskiy krizis [Russia during World War I: Economic Situation, Social Processes, Political Crisis]. Moscow: Politicheskaya entsiklopediya, 2014. 982 p. (In Russian)
23. Rossiya i Pervaya Mirovaya Voina: ekonomicheskie problemy, obshchestvennye nastroeniya, mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya: sb. statei [Russia and World War I: Economic problems, Public Sentiments, International Relations: Collection of Articles]. Moscow: Institut rossiiskoy istorii RAN, 2014. 416 p. (In Russian)
24. Rossiya i Pervaya Mirovaya Voina: materialy mezhdunarodnogo nauchnogo kollokviuma [Russia and World War I: Materials of the International Scientific Colloquium]. St Petersburg: Dmitrii Bulanin, 1999. 560 p. (In Russian)
25. Shashkov V.I. Politicheskie nastroeniya sibirskogo krest'yanstva v gody Pervoy Mirovoy Voyny (iyul' 1914 – fevral' 1917 gg.) [Political Climate among Siberian Peasantry during World War I (July 1914 – February 1917). Author’s Abstract…Doctoral Dissertation]. Novosibirsk, 2001. 39 p. (In Russian)
26. Shilovskii M.V. Pervaya Mirovaya Voyna 1914–1918 godov i Sibir' [World War I of 1914 – 1918 and Siberia]. Novosibirsk: Avtograf, 2015. 330 p. (In Russian)
27. Smirnov I.A. Kirillovskii uyezd v gody Pervoi Mirovoi Voiny [Kirillov Uyezd during World War I]. Kirillov [Kirillov]. Vologda: Legiya, 2005, vol. 6, pp. 136–156. (In Russian)
28. Swain G. Russian Social Democracy and the Legal Labour Movement, 1906–1914. London, 1983. 239 p.
29. Troshina T.I. Velikaya voyna i Severnyy kray: Evropeiskiy Sever Rossii v gody Pervoy Mirovoy Voyny [The Great War and the Northern region: European North of Russia during World War I]. Arkhangel'sk: ID SAFU [Publishing house of Northern (Arctic) Federal University], 2014. 344 p. (In Russian)
30. Vologda v minuvshem tysyacheletii: Ocherki istorii goroda [Vologda in the Last Millennium: Essays on the History of the City]. Vologda: Drevnosti Severa, 2006. 240 p. (In Russian)
Keywords:
World War I, public sentiments, Vologda Governorate, gendarmes, police, political parties, the February Revolution
For citation:
Egorov A. Public sentiments of the population in Vologda Governorate on the eve of the February Revolution. Historia provinciae – the journal of regional history, 2017, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 7–25. DOI: 10.23859/2587-8352-2017-1-4-1
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
ISSN 2587-8344 (Online)