Искусственная монополия: история существования общественных бань в Гатчине в 1840-х – 1914 гг.

The article examines an important aspect of the history of Gatchina, a palace town of the Russian Empire. The author analyzes the interaction between the officials of the Ministry of the Imperial Court and the owners of the only public baths in the town. The text briefly outlines the background to the creation and operation of this establishment between the 1840s and the 1880s. It is noted that the local administration was interested in opening the baths. However, due to the emperor’s decision to introduce a monetary duty for baths owners, the initial agreement for construction was violated and it became necessary to look for a new interested entrepreneur. After opening, Gatchina Public Baths were granted support of the authorities in the form of restrictions on the construction of similar establishments in the town by other entrepreneurs. The author points out that the transfer of the baths to the ownership of town architect A. Kokorev in 1859 caused a wave of accusations regarding the unjustified nature of the competition restrictions. An attempt to obtain permission to build a similar establishment in 1873 failed, largely, due to objective reasons. By the mid-1880s, the condition of the baths had significantly deteriorated. The town authorities organized a special inspection, which confirmed the need for their repair and modernization. The article notes that the baths owner’s attempt to reduce the imposed requirements forced local officials to announce a competition for the construction of new baths in 1888. As a result of that competition, V. Kokorev agreed to comply with the authorities’ conditions in 1889 in exchange for a 25-year monopoly on the baths business in the town. At the same time, it is noted that the special status did not relieve the owner of the obligation to maintain the sanitary and technical condition of the baths, which subsequently led to their sale at the turn of the 20th century due to the lack of material resources. The article indicates that, another change of ownership of the baths in Gatchina occurred before the outbreak of World War I for the same reason. It is emphasized that the refusal of the authorities to extend the monopoly in 1914 created difficulties for the owners who were forced to invest funds without full certainty of their return if alternative establishments emerged or water supply in the town developed. The outbreak of World War I put the entrepreneurs in new conditions that went beyond the usual framework.

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