THE JOURNAL OF REGIONAL HISTORY V.10 No.2
In the Fight for Children’s Health: Trade and Sanitary Supervision and Conditions for Milk Production and Sale in the Capitals of the Russian Empire in the Second Half of the 19th – Early 20th Century
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The article presents the results of research into the activities of the metropolitan self-government bodies of the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th – early 20th century aimed at controlling the production and sale of milk as the most important nutrition product for maintaining children’s health.
High infant mortality in the period under review was mostly determined by the quality of the products consumed. The study of the activities of city structures in organizing trade and sanitary supervision in the matter of the residents’ supply with high-quality milk for baby food made it possible to identify the significance of regulatory documents on this issue.
The absence of specific regulatory legal acts as well as the inability to establish continuous and systematic control in that area led to the widespread sale of substandard milk to the population. Under those conditions, it was impossible to significantly reduce child mortality in the capitals.
High infant mortality in the period under review was mostly determined by the quality of the products consumed. The study of the activities of city structures in organizing trade and sanitary supervision in the matter of the residents’ supply with high-quality milk for baby food made it possible to identify the significance of regulatory documents on this issue.
The absence of specific regulatory legal acts as well as the inability to establish continuous and systematic control in that area led to the widespread sale of substandard milk to the population. Under those conditions, it was impossible to significantly reduce child mortality in the capitals.
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Stepanov, S.V. “Istoriya detskogo lecheniya i otdykha v Sankt-Peterburgskoi gubernii v nachale XX v. Tsarskosel'skaya sanatoriya dlya detei” [The history of children’s treatment and recreation in the St Petersburg province at the beginning of the 20th century. Tsarskoye Selo
sanatorium for children]. Istoriya povsednevnosti, no. 2 (22) (2022): 34–42. , EDN: TKHHAW (In Russian)
Veremenko, V.A. “‘Bezvlastnaya vlast'’: status zhenskoi domashnei prislugi v Rossii vo vtoroi polovine XIX – nachale XX v.” [‘Powerless power: the status of female domestic workers in Russia in the second half of the 19th – early 20th century]. Vestnik Rossiiskogo universiteta druzhby narodov. Seriya: Istoriya Rossii, vol. 18, no. 2 (2019): 320–54. , EDN: KCFJDI (In Russian)
Veremenko, V.A. “Gigiena shkol'nika v dvoryansko-intelligentskikh sem'yakh Rossii vtoroi poloviny XIX – nachala XX vv.” [Hygiene of schoolchildren in the noble intellectual families of Russia in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries]. Istoriya povsednevnosti, no. 2 (4) (2017): 79–105. EDN: ZRWGNV (In Russian)
Veremenko, V.A. “Organizatsiya pitaniya mladentsev v stolichnykh dvoryansko-intelligentnykh sem'yakh Rossii vo vtoroi polovine XIX – nachale XX v.” [Organization of infants’ nutrition in the capital’s noble intellectual families of Russia in the second half of the 19th – early 20th century]. In Sem'ya i detstvo v povsednevnoi zhizni: istoriya i sovremennost': materialy Mezhdunarodnoi nauchnoi konferentsii (Sankt-Peterburg, 06–08 aprelya 2023 g.) [Family and childhood in everyday life: history and modernity: proceedings of the International scientific conference (St Petersburg, April 6–8, 2023)], 2 vols., edited by V.A. Veremenko, vol. 2, 111–15. St Petersburg: Leningradskii gosudarstvennyi universitet imeni A.S. Pushkina, 2023. (In Russian)
Zaitseva, S.V. “Popytki reorganizatsii gorodskoi ‘Kapli moloka’ v Sankt-Peterburge v nachale XX v. kak sposob bor'by s detskoi smertnost'yu” [Attempts of reorganization of the city’s ‘Drop of milk’ in St Petersburg at the beginning of the 20th century as a way to combat child mortality]. In Reformy v povsednevnoi zhizni naseleniya Rossii: istoriya i sovremennost': materialy Mezhdunarodnoi nauchnoi konferentsii (Sankt-Peterburg, 02–04 aprelya 2020 g.) [Reforms in the everyday life of Russian population: History and modernity: Proceedings of the international scientific conference (St Petersburg, April 2–4, 2020)], 2 vols., edited by V.A. Veremenko, and V.N. Shaidurov, vol. 2, 161–67. St Petersburg: Leningradskii gosudarstvennyi universitet
im. A.S. Pushkina, 2020. EDN: EPUCUW (In Russian)
Burlutskaya (Bannikova), E.V. “Bani kak komponent gorodskoi povsednevnosti Orenburga XIX veka” [Bathhouses as a component of urban daily life in Orenburg of the 19th century]. Vestnik Orenburgskogo gosudarstvennogo pedagogicheskogo universiteta. Ehlektronnyi nauchnyi zhurnal, no. 4 (36) (2020): 232–46. , EDN: VQNPKV (In Russian)
Kal'sina, A.A. “Prichiny detskoi smertnosti v Krasnoufimskom uezde Permskoi gubernii v nachale XX v. (issledovanie zemskogo vracha M. Mizerova)” [Causes of infant mortality in Krasnoufimsky Uyezd of Perm Governorate at the beginning of the 20th century (research by zemstvo doctor M. Mizerov)]. In Sem'ya i detstvo v povsednevnoi zhizni: istoriya i sovremennost': materialy Mezhdunarodnoi nauchnoi konferentsii (Sankt-Peterburg, 06–08 aprelya 2023 g.) [Family and childhood in everyday life: history and modernity: proceedings of the International scientific conference (St Petersburg, April 6–8, 2023)], 2 vols., edited by V.A. Veremenko, vol. 2, 115–19. St Petersburg: Leningradskii gosudarstvennyi universitet imeni A.S. Pushkina, 2023. (In Russian)
Kiskidosova, T.A. “Sanitarnoe sostoyanie gorodov Eniseiskoi gubernii v kontse XIX – nachale XX v.” [Sanitary conditions of towns of Yenisei Province in the late 19th and early 20th century]. Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, no. 403 (2016): 49–53. , EDN: VPEPBN (In Russian)
Minenko, N.A., E.Yu. Apkarimova, and S.V. Golikova. Povsednevnaya zhizn' ural'skogo goroda v XVIII – nachale XX veka [Everyday life of the Ural city in the 18th – early 20th century]. Moscow: Nauka, 2006. EDN: QPEDEH (In Russian)
Mitlina, Yu.V. “Razrabotka i sistematizatsiya vrachebno-sanitarnogo zakonodatel'stva Rossiiskoi imperii v kontse XIX – nachale XX v.” [Development and systematization of the medical and sanitary legislation of the Russian Empire in the late 19th – early 20th century]. In Reformy v povsednevnoi zhizni naseleniya Rossii: istoriya i sovremennost': materialy Mezhdunarodnoi nauchnoi konferentsii (Sankt-Peterburg, 02–04 aprelya 2020 g.) [Reforms in the everyday life of Russian population: History and modernity: Proceedings of the international scientific conference (St Petersburg, April 2–4, 2020)], 2 vols., edited by V.A. Veremenko, and V.N. Shaidurov, vol. 1, 194–99. St Petersburg: Leningradskii gosudarstvennyi universitet im. A.S. Pushkina, 2020. EDN: ZXMXZR (In Russian)
Mitlina, Yu.V. “Sozdanie sistemy torgovo-sanitarnogo kontrolya i predposylki ee reformirovaniya v Rossiiskoi imperii v kontse XIX – nachale XX v. (na primere Sankt-Peterburga i Moskvy)” [Creation of the trade and sanitary control system and prerequisites for its reformation
in the Russian Empire in the late 19th – early 20th century (on the example of
St Petersburg and Moscow)]. Istoriya povsednevnosti, no. 2 (18) (2021): 33–45. , EDN: UOHCEQ (In Russian)
Mitsyuk, N.A. “Rasprostranenie detskikh smesei v Rossii (nachalo XX v.): medikalizatsiya i kommertsializatsiya detskogo pitaniya” [Distribution of infant formula in Russia (beginning of 20th century): Medicalization and commercialization of baby food]. In Material'nyi faktor i predprinimatel'stvo v povsednevnoi zhizni naseleniya Rossii: istoriya i sovremennost': materialy Mezhdunarodnoi nauchnoi konferentsii (Sankt-Peterburg, 17–19 marta 2016 g.) [The material factor and entrepreneurship in the daily life of the population of Russia: History and modernity: Proceedings of the international scientific conference (St Petersburg, March 17–19, 2016)], edited by V.N. Skvortsov, 155–60. St Petersburg: Leningradskii gosudarstvennyi universitet im. A.S. Pushkina, 2016. (In Russian)
Semenova, O.A. “Popechenie o materyakh i mladentsakh v Sankt-Peterburge v nachale XX v. na primere gorodskoi ‘Kapli moloka’” [Care for mothers and babies in St Petersburg in the early 20th century on the example of the city’s ‘Drop of Milk’]. Istoriya povsednevnosti, no. 4 (12) (2019): 72–81. EDN: OBJXWP
Sherstneva, E.V. “Deyatel'nost' sanitarnykh organizatsii gorodov Rossii v oblasti vodosnabzheniya i kanalizatsii (konets XIX – nachalо XX vekov)” [The activities of the sanitary organizations of Russia’s cities in the area of water-supply and sewerage system (late 19th – early 20th centuries)]. Problemy sotsial'noi gigieny, zdravookhraneniya i istorii meditsiny, no. 4 (2007): 50–54. EDN: OEDHHT (In Russian)
Sinova, I.V. “Voprosy gigieny truda i byta uchenikov remeslennykh masterskikh Sankt-Peterburga vo vtoroi polovine XIX – nachale XX v.” [Problems of sanitary and hygienic working conditions and everyday life of students at craft workshops in Saint Petersburg in the second half of 19th – beginning of the 20th century]. Voprosy istorii, no. 8–1 (2022): 70–78. , EDN: WPWIOA (In Russian)
Stepanov, S.V. “Istoriya detskogo lecheniya i otdykha v Sankt-Peterburgskoi gubernii v nachale XX v. Tsarskosel'skaya sanatoriya dlya detei” [The history of children’s treatment and recreation in the St Petersburg province at the beginning of the 20th century. Tsarskoye Selo
sanatorium for children]. Istoriya povsednevnosti, no. 2 (22) (2022): 34–42. , EDN: TKHHAW (In Russian)
Veremenko, V.A. “‘Bezvlastnaya vlast'’: status zhenskoi domashnei prislugi v Rossii vo vtoroi polovine XIX – nachale XX v.” [‘Powerless power: the status of female domestic workers in Russia in the second half of the 19th – early 20th century]. Vestnik Rossiiskogo universiteta druzhby narodov. Seriya: Istoriya Rossii, vol. 18, no. 2 (2019): 320–54. , EDN: KCFJDI (In Russian)
Veremenko, V.A. “Gigiena shkol'nika v dvoryansko-intelligentskikh sem'yakh Rossii vtoroi poloviny XIX – nachala XX vv.” [Hygiene of schoolchildren in the noble intellectual families of Russia in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries]. Istoriya povsednevnosti, no. 2 (4) (2017): 79–105. EDN: ZRWGNV (In Russian)
Veremenko, V.A. “Organizatsiya pitaniya mladentsev v stolichnykh dvoryansko-intelligentnykh sem'yakh Rossii vo vtoroi polovine XIX – nachale XX v.” [Organization of infants’ nutrition in the capital’s noble intellectual families of Russia in the second half of the 19th – early 20th century]. In Sem'ya i detstvo v povsednevnoi zhizni: istoriya i sovremennost': materialy Mezhdunarodnoi nauchnoi konferentsii (Sankt-Peterburg, 06–08 aprelya 2023 g.) [Family and childhood in everyday life: history and modernity: proceedings of the International scientific conference (St Petersburg, April 6–8, 2023)], 2 vols., edited by V.A. Veremenko, vol. 2, 111–15. St Petersburg: Leningradskii gosudarstvennyi universitet imeni A.S. Pushkina, 2023. (In Russian)
Zaitseva, S.V. “Popytki reorganizatsii gorodskoi ‘Kapli moloka’ v Sankt-Peterburge v nachale XX v. kak sposob bor'by s detskoi smertnost'yu” [Attempts of reorganization of the city’s ‘Drop of milk’ in St Petersburg at the beginning of the 20th century as a way to combat child mortality]. In Reformy v povsednevnoi zhizni naseleniya Rossii: istoriya i sovremennost': materialy Mezhdunarodnoi nauchnoi konferentsii (Sankt-Peterburg, 02–04 aprelya 2020 g.) [Reforms in the everyday life of Russian population: History and modernity: Proceedings of the international scientific conference (St Petersburg, April 2–4, 2020)], 2 vols., edited by V.A. Veremenko, and V.N. Shaidurov, vol. 2, 161–67. St Petersburg: Leningradskii gosudarstvennyi universitet
im. A.S. Pushkina, 2020. EDN: EPUCUW (In Russian)
Keywords:
children’s health, trade and sanitary supervision, city public administration, metropolitan cities, milk sale; hygiene and sanitation, children’s nutrition
For citation:
Veremenko, V.A., and Yu.V. Sutula, “In the Fight for Children’s Health: Trade and Sanitary Supervision and Conditions for Milk Production and Sale in the Capitals of the Russian Empire in the Second Half of the 19th – Early 20th Century.” Historia Provinciae – the Journal of Regional History, vol. 10, no. 2 (2026): 471–507, https://doi.org/10.23859/2587-8344-2026-10-2-3; EDN: IRQVNK
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