THE JOURNAL OF REGIONAL HISTORY V.3 No.3
The Image of a Revolutionary Terrorist in Russia at the Beginning of the Twentieth Century (Based on Ivan Kalyaev)
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The article is devoted to the formation of the image of the revolutionary terrorist I.P. Kalyaev in the Russian Empire at the beginning of the 20th century amidst the Socialist Revolutionary Party and in literary circles. It has been shown that for the Social Revolutionaries, Kalyaev was a convenient figure used to justify revolutionary terrorism. Using his biography in order to demonstrate the fate of a revolutionary martyr, they received the sanctions of the society to continue the activities of the Social Revolutionaries’ Combat Organization. The article analyzes literary testimonies about Kalyaev made by his friend A.M. Remizov, a writer, who knew him well from his Vologda exile. Remizov’s story “Ivan Kupal” is considered as a message to his friend who went underground and a reminder about their previous meetings and joint plans in literature. Remizov’s text is notable for the fact that the author did not take into account the clearly established and guessable canons of description that had developed among the revolutionaries. Thus, the images of the revolutionary terrorist that were different in terms of their purposes and tasks were offered to the readers of the early 20th century.
Andrey Bely and A.M. Remizov. Correspondence. Opening article, publication and commen-tary by A.V. Lavrov. In Aleksandr Blok: Issledovaniya i materialy [Alexander Blok: Research and materials], ed. N.Yu. Gryakalova, 437–513. St Petersburg: Pushkinskii Dom, 2011. (In Russian)
Bely, A. Mezhdu dvukh revolyutsii [Between two revolutions]. Moscow: Khudozhestvennaya literatura, 1990. (In Russian)
Byvshyi sotsialdemokrat [Savinkov, B.V.]. “Ivan Platonovich Kalyaev.” In Ivan Platonovich Kalyaev (Otdel'nyi ottisk iz “Revolyutsionnoi Rossii”) [Ivan Platonovich Kalyaev (Separate impres-sion from ‘Revolyutsionnaya Rossiya’)], 1–7. N. p.: Tipografiya Partii Sotsialistov-Revolyutsionerov, 1905. (In Russian)
Chernov, V.M. Pered burei. Vospominaniya [Before the storm. Memories]. New York: Izda-telstvo imeni Chekhova = Chekhov Publishing House, 1953. (In Russian)
Chirikov, E.N. “Na putyakh zhizni i tvorchestva. Otryvki vospominanii” [On the roads of life and work. Fragments of memories]. In Litsa: Biograficheskii al'manakh [Persons: Biographical al-manac]. Issue 3, 281–416. Moscow; St Petersburg: Phoenix; Atheneum, 1993. (In Russian)
Egorov, A.N. “Obraz liberala v konservativnoi publitsistike Rossiiskoi imperii nachala XX veka” [The image of a liberal in the conservative journalism of the Russian Empire of the early 20th century]. Uchenye zapiski Petrozavodskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta, no. 5 (2012): 17–20. (In Russian)
Egorov, A.N. “Predvybornaya agitatsiya kak instrument diskreditatsii politicheskogo protivnika (po materialam vyborov v Gosudarstvennuyu dumu Rossiiskoi imperii)” [Canvassing as a tool to discredit a political opponent (based on the materials of elections to the State Duma of the Russian Empire)]. Vestnik Permskogo Universiteta. Seriya: Istoriya, no. 3(30) (2015): 170–78. (In Russian)
Fastovskii, V.M. “‘Eto moya vera!’ Religiozno-konnotirovannaya leksika v ego-dokumentakh narodnichestva kontsa 1870-kh – nachala 1880-kh godov [‘This is my religion!’ Religiously-connotated lexis in the ego-documents of the Narodnik movement of the late 1870s – early 1880s]. Neprikosnovennyi zapas, no. 1 (2018). Accessed February 27, 2019. (In Russian)
Geifman, A. Thou Shalt Kill: Revolutionary Terrorism in Russia, 1894 – 1917. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993.
Goncharova, E.I., comp. ‘Revolyutsionnoye khristovstvo’: Pis'ma Merezhkovskikh k Borisu Sa-vinkovu [‘Revolutionary Christianity’: Letters of the Merezhkovskys to Boris Savinkov]. St Peters-burg: Pushkinskii Dom, 2009. (In Russian)
Gross, F. Violence in Politics: Terror and Political Assassination in Eastern Europe and Russia. The Hague: Mouton, 1972.
Hilbrenner, A. “Of Heroes and Villains – The Making of Terrorist Victims as Historical Perpe-trators in Pre-Revolutionary Russia.” In Victimhood and Acknowledgement: The Other Side of Ter-rorism, edited by P. Terhoeven, 19–37. Berlin: De Gruyter Oldenbourg, 2018.
Hildermeier, M. Der Sozialrevolutionäre Partei Russlands. Agrarsozialismus und Modernisie-rung im Zarenreich (1900–1914). Cologne; Vienna: Böhlau, 1978.
“Kak u vas v Vologde?”: Neizvestnoe pis'mo V.Ya. Bryusova k I.P. Kalyaevu [“How is it in Vologda?”: An unknown letter of V.Ya. Bryusov to I.P. Kalyaev], published by V. Perepechenko. Krasnyi Sever, December 25, 1988. (In Russian)
Kolonitskii, B.I. “Tragicheskaya erotika”: Obrazy imperatorskoi sem'i v gody Pervoi mirovoi voiny [“Tragic erotica”: Images of the imperial family during the First World War]. Moscow: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 2010. (In Russian)
Lavrov, P.L. “Istoricheskie pis'ma” Filosofiya i sotsiologiya. Izbrannye proizvedeniya v 2 t. [“Historical Letters”, in Philosophy and Sociology. Selected works in 2 volumes], vol. 2, 6–295. Moscow: Mysl’, 1965. (In Russian)
Mints, Z.G. Introductory article to “Blok, A. Correspondence with A.M. Remizov. (1905–1920).” In Aleksandr Blok: Novye materialy i issledovaniya [Alexander Blok: New materials and studies], vol. 2, 63–82. Moscow: Nauka, 1981. (In Russian)
Mogil'ner, M.B. Mifologiya “podpol'nogo cheloveka”: radikal'nyi mikrokosm v Rossii nachala XX veka kak predmet semioticheskogo analiza [The mythology of the ‘underground man’: a radical microcosm in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century as a subject of semiotic analysis]. Moscow: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 1999. (In Russian)
“Na vechernei zare” [In the sunset glow]. Correspondence of A. Remizov with S. Remizova-Dovgello. Europa Orientalis, no. 9 (1990): 443–98. (In Russian)
Obatnina, E.R. Tsar' Asyka i ego poddannye. Obez'yan'ya Velikaya i Vol'naya Palata A.M. Remizova v litsakh i dokumentakh [Tsar Asyka and his subjects. Great and Free Monkey Chamber by A.M. Remizov in persons and documents]. St Petersburg: Izdatel’stvo Ivana Limbakha, 2001. (In Russian)
Pamyati Ivana Platonovicha Kalyaeva [In memory of Ivan Platonovich Kalyaev]. Petrograd: [n.p.], 1918. (In Russian)
Paperno, I. Semiotika povedeniya: Nikolai Chernyshevskii – chelovek epokhi realizma [Semiotics of behaviour: Nikolai Chernyshevsky – a man of the era of realism]. Moscow: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 1996. (In Russian)
Pavlova, M.M. “K istorii neokhristianskoi kommuny Merezhkovskikh” [On the history of the neo-Christian commune of the Merezhkovskys]. Russkaya literatura, no. 3 (2017): 222–42. (In Russian)
Pis'ma A.M Remizova i V.Ya. Bryusova k O. Madelungu [Letters from А.М. Remizov and
V.Ya. Bryusov to Aage Madelung]. Edited and introduced by P. Alberg Yensen and P.U. Möller. Copenhagen: Rosenkilde and Bagger, 1976. (In Russian)
Pis'ma A.M. Remizova k P.Ye. Shchegolevu. Chast' 2. Odessa. Kherson. Odessa. Kiyev. (1903–1904) [Letters from A. M. Remizov to P.E. Shchegolev. Part 2. Odessa. Kherson. Odessa. Kiev. (1903–1904)]. Published by A. M. Gracheva. In Ezhegodnik Rukopisnogo otdela Pushkinsko-go Doma na 1997 god [Yearbook of the Manuscript Department of the Pushkin House for 1997], 153–205. St Petersburg: Dmitrii Bulanin, 2002. (In Russian)
Prishvin, M.M. Dnevniki. 1944–1945 [Diaries. 1944 – 1945]. Moscow: Novyi Khronograf, 2013. (In Russian)
Rech' Mandel'shtama [Mandelstam’s speech for the defense of I.P. Kalyaev]. In Ivan Platono-vich Kalyaev (Otdel'nyi ottisk iz ‘Revolyutsionnoi Rossii’) [Ivan Platonovich Kalyaev (Separate im-pression from ‘Revolyutsionnaya Rossiya’)], 22–28. N.p.: Tipografiya Partii Sotsial.-Revolyutsionerov, 1905. (In Russian)
Remizov, A. “Ivan-Kupal” [Ivan-Kupal]. In Al'manakh “Grif”. Issue 2, 43–46. Moscow: Grif, 1904. (In Russian)
Remizov, A.M. “Krepost'” [The Fortress]. In A.M. Remizov Sobranie sochinenii: v 10 t. [Col-lected Works in 10 v.], vol. 3, 35–40. Moscow: Russkaya Kniga, 2000. (In Russian)
Remizov, A.M. “Kur'er” [Courier]. In A.M. Remizov, Sobranie sochinenii: v 10 t. [Collected Works in 10 v.], vol. 8, 452–56. Moscow: Russkaya Kniga, 2000. (In Russian)
Remizov, A.M. “ Sumasshedshii” [Madman]. In A.M. Remizov, Sobranie sochinenii: v 10 t. [Collected Works in 10 v.], vol. 8, 446–51. Moscow: Russkaya Kniga, 2000. (In Russian)
Remizov, A.M. “Medovyi mesyats” [Honeymoon]. In A.M. Remizov, Sobranie sochinenii: v 10 t. [Collected Works in 10 v.], vol. 5, 45–77. Moscow: Russkaya Kniga, 2000. (In Russian)
Ropshin, V. [Savinkov, B.V.] Kon' blednyi [Pale horse]. St Petersburg: Shipovnik, 1909. (In Russian)
Rozanov, Yu.V. “Terrorist Kalyaev v rasskaze A. Remizova ‘Ivan Kupal’. Real'naya osnova simvolicheskogo teksta” [Terrorist Kalyaev in A. Remizov's story ‘Ivan Kupal’. The real basis of the symbolic text]. Voprosy literatury, no. 1 (2006): 124–34. (In Russian)
Rozanov, Yu.V. Fol'klorizm A.M. Remizova: istochniki, genezis, poetika [Folklorism of A.M. Remizov: origins, genesis, poetics]. Doctoral diss. Yaroslav-the-Wise Novgorod State Uni-versity, 2009. (In Russian)
Safronova, Yu.A. Russkoe obshchestvo v zerkale revolyutsionnogo terrora. 1879–1881 gody [Russian society in the mirror of revolutionary terror. 1879–1881]. Moscow: Novoe literaturnoe ob-ozrenie, 2014. (In Russian)
Slobin, G. Remizov’s Fictions, 1900–1921. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1991.
Slobin, G., ed. “Alexei Remizov. Approaches to a Protean Writer.” UGLA Slavic Studies, vol. 16. Columbus, OH: Slavica, 1987.
Stikhotvoreniya I.P. Kalyaeva [Poems of I.P Kalyaev]. In Ivan Platonovich Kalyaev (Otdel'nyi ottisk iz ‘Revolyutsionnoi Rossii’) [Ivan Platonovich Kalyaev (Separate impression from ‘Revolyut-sionnaya Rossiya’)], 33–41. N.p.: Tipografiya Partii Sotsial.-Revolyutsionerov, 1905. (In Russian)
Surmachev, O.G. “K voprosu o pervoi publikatsii rasskaza A. Remizova ‘Krepost'” [On the is-sue of the first publication of the story ‘The Fortress’ by A. Remizov]. Advokat Surmachev Oleg Grigor'evich. Accessed February 27, 2019. (In Russian)
Ulam, A. In the Name of the People: Prophets and Conspirators in Prerevolutionary Russia. New York: Viking Press, 1977.
Zakirov, R.S. “Reaktsiya rossiiskogo obshchestva na ubiistvo velikogo knyazya Sergeya Alek-sandrovicha (1905 god)” [The reaction of the Russian society to the assassination of Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich (1905)]. Vestnik MGGU im. M.A. Sholokhova, no. 1 (2012): 19–25. (In Rus-sian)
Bely, A. Mezhdu dvukh revolyutsii [Between two revolutions]. Moscow: Khudozhestvennaya literatura, 1990. (In Russian)
Byvshyi sotsialdemokrat [Savinkov, B.V.]. “Ivan Platonovich Kalyaev.” In Ivan Platonovich Kalyaev (Otdel'nyi ottisk iz “Revolyutsionnoi Rossii”) [Ivan Platonovich Kalyaev (Separate impres-sion from ‘Revolyutsionnaya Rossiya’)], 1–7. N. p.: Tipografiya Partii Sotsialistov-Revolyutsionerov, 1905. (In Russian)
Chernov, V.M. Pered burei. Vospominaniya [Before the storm. Memories]. New York: Izda-telstvo imeni Chekhova = Chekhov Publishing House, 1953. (In Russian)
Chirikov, E.N. “Na putyakh zhizni i tvorchestva. Otryvki vospominanii” [On the roads of life and work. Fragments of memories]. In Litsa: Biograficheskii al'manakh [Persons: Biographical al-manac]. Issue 3, 281–416. Moscow; St Petersburg: Phoenix; Atheneum, 1993. (In Russian)
Egorov, A.N. “Obraz liberala v konservativnoi publitsistike Rossiiskoi imperii nachala XX veka” [The image of a liberal in the conservative journalism of the Russian Empire of the early 20th century]. Uchenye zapiski Petrozavodskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta, no. 5 (2012): 17–20. (In Russian)
Egorov, A.N. “Predvybornaya agitatsiya kak instrument diskreditatsii politicheskogo protivnika (po materialam vyborov v Gosudarstvennuyu dumu Rossiiskoi imperii)” [Canvassing as a tool to discredit a political opponent (based on the materials of elections to the State Duma of the Russian Empire)]. Vestnik Permskogo Universiteta. Seriya: Istoriya, no. 3(30) (2015): 170–78. (In Russian)
Fastovskii, V.M. “‘Eto moya vera!’ Religiozno-konnotirovannaya leksika v ego-dokumentakh narodnichestva kontsa 1870-kh – nachala 1880-kh godov [‘This is my religion!’ Religiously-connotated lexis in the ego-documents of the Narodnik movement of the late 1870s – early 1880s]. Neprikosnovennyi zapas, no. 1 (2018). Accessed February 27, 2019. (In Russian)
Geifman, A. Thou Shalt Kill: Revolutionary Terrorism in Russia, 1894 – 1917. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993.
Goncharova, E.I., comp. ‘Revolyutsionnoye khristovstvo’: Pis'ma Merezhkovskikh k Borisu Sa-vinkovu [‘Revolutionary Christianity’: Letters of the Merezhkovskys to Boris Savinkov]. St Peters-burg: Pushkinskii Dom, 2009. (In Russian)
Gross, F. Violence in Politics: Terror and Political Assassination in Eastern Europe and Russia. The Hague: Mouton, 1972.
Hilbrenner, A. “Of Heroes and Villains – The Making of Terrorist Victims as Historical Perpe-trators in Pre-Revolutionary Russia.” In Victimhood and Acknowledgement: The Other Side of Ter-rorism, edited by P. Terhoeven, 19–37. Berlin: De Gruyter Oldenbourg, 2018.
Hildermeier, M. Der Sozialrevolutionäre Partei Russlands. Agrarsozialismus und Modernisie-rung im Zarenreich (1900–1914). Cologne; Vienna: Böhlau, 1978.
“Kak u vas v Vologde?”: Neizvestnoe pis'mo V.Ya. Bryusova k I.P. Kalyaevu [“How is it in Vologda?”: An unknown letter of V.Ya. Bryusov to I.P. Kalyaev], published by V. Perepechenko. Krasnyi Sever, December 25, 1988. (In Russian)
Kolonitskii, B.I. “Tragicheskaya erotika”: Obrazy imperatorskoi sem'i v gody Pervoi mirovoi voiny [“Tragic erotica”: Images of the imperial family during the First World War]. Moscow: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 2010. (In Russian)
Lavrov, P.L. “Istoricheskie pis'ma” Filosofiya i sotsiologiya. Izbrannye proizvedeniya v 2 t. [“Historical Letters”, in Philosophy and Sociology. Selected works in 2 volumes], vol. 2, 6–295. Moscow: Mysl’, 1965. (In Russian)
Mints, Z.G. Introductory article to “Blok, A. Correspondence with A.M. Remizov. (1905–1920).” In Aleksandr Blok: Novye materialy i issledovaniya [Alexander Blok: New materials and studies], vol. 2, 63–82. Moscow: Nauka, 1981. (In Russian)
Mogil'ner, M.B. Mifologiya “podpol'nogo cheloveka”: radikal'nyi mikrokosm v Rossii nachala XX veka kak predmet semioticheskogo analiza [The mythology of the ‘underground man’: a radical microcosm in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century as a subject of semiotic analysis]. Moscow: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 1999. (In Russian)
“Na vechernei zare” [In the sunset glow]. Correspondence of A. Remizov with S. Remizova-Dovgello. Europa Orientalis, no. 9 (1990): 443–98. (In Russian)
Obatnina, E.R. Tsar' Asyka i ego poddannye. Obez'yan'ya Velikaya i Vol'naya Palata A.M. Remizova v litsakh i dokumentakh [Tsar Asyka and his subjects. Great and Free Monkey Chamber by A.M. Remizov in persons and documents]. St Petersburg: Izdatel’stvo Ivana Limbakha, 2001. (In Russian)
Pamyati Ivana Platonovicha Kalyaeva [In memory of Ivan Platonovich Kalyaev]. Petrograd: [n.p.], 1918. (In Russian)
Paperno, I. Semiotika povedeniya: Nikolai Chernyshevskii – chelovek epokhi realizma [Semiotics of behaviour: Nikolai Chernyshevsky – a man of the era of realism]. Moscow: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 1996. (In Russian)
Pavlova, M.M. “K istorii neokhristianskoi kommuny Merezhkovskikh” [On the history of the neo-Christian commune of the Merezhkovskys]. Russkaya literatura, no. 3 (2017): 222–42. (In Russian)
Pis'ma A.M Remizova i V.Ya. Bryusova k O. Madelungu [Letters from А.М. Remizov and
V.Ya. Bryusov to Aage Madelung]. Edited and introduced by P. Alberg Yensen and P.U. Möller. Copenhagen: Rosenkilde and Bagger, 1976. (In Russian)
Pis'ma A.M. Remizova k P.Ye. Shchegolevu. Chast' 2. Odessa. Kherson. Odessa. Kiyev. (1903–1904) [Letters from A. M. Remizov to P.E. Shchegolev. Part 2. Odessa. Kherson. Odessa. Kiev. (1903–1904)]. Published by A. M. Gracheva. In Ezhegodnik Rukopisnogo otdela Pushkinsko-go Doma na 1997 god [Yearbook of the Manuscript Department of the Pushkin House for 1997], 153–205. St Petersburg: Dmitrii Bulanin, 2002. (In Russian)
Prishvin, M.M. Dnevniki. 1944–1945 [Diaries. 1944 – 1945]. Moscow: Novyi Khronograf, 2013. (In Russian)
Rech' Mandel'shtama [Mandelstam’s speech for the defense of I.P. Kalyaev]. In Ivan Platono-vich Kalyaev (Otdel'nyi ottisk iz ‘Revolyutsionnoi Rossii’) [Ivan Platonovich Kalyaev (Separate im-pression from ‘Revolyutsionnaya Rossiya’)], 22–28. N.p.: Tipografiya Partii Sotsial.-Revolyutsionerov, 1905. (In Russian)
Remizov, A. “Ivan-Kupal” [Ivan-Kupal]. In Al'manakh “Grif”. Issue 2, 43–46. Moscow: Grif, 1904. (In Russian)
Remizov, A.M. “Krepost'” [The Fortress]. In A.M. Remizov Sobranie sochinenii: v 10 t. [Col-lected Works in 10 v.], vol. 3, 35–40. Moscow: Russkaya Kniga, 2000. (In Russian)
Remizov, A.M. “Kur'er” [Courier]. In A.M. Remizov, Sobranie sochinenii: v 10 t. [Collected Works in 10 v.], vol. 8, 452–56. Moscow: Russkaya Kniga, 2000. (In Russian)
Remizov, A.M. “ Sumasshedshii” [Madman]. In A.M. Remizov, Sobranie sochinenii: v 10 t. [Collected Works in 10 v.], vol. 8, 446–51. Moscow: Russkaya Kniga, 2000. (In Russian)
Remizov, A.M. “Medovyi mesyats” [Honeymoon]. In A.M. Remizov, Sobranie sochinenii: v 10 t. [Collected Works in 10 v.], vol. 5, 45–77. Moscow: Russkaya Kniga, 2000. (In Russian)
Ropshin, V. [Savinkov, B.V.] Kon' blednyi [Pale horse]. St Petersburg: Shipovnik, 1909. (In Russian)
Rozanov, Yu.V. “Terrorist Kalyaev v rasskaze A. Remizova ‘Ivan Kupal’. Real'naya osnova simvolicheskogo teksta” [Terrorist Kalyaev in A. Remizov's story ‘Ivan Kupal’. The real basis of the symbolic text]. Voprosy literatury, no. 1 (2006): 124–34. (In Russian)
Rozanov, Yu.V. Fol'klorizm A.M. Remizova: istochniki, genezis, poetika [Folklorism of A.M. Remizov: origins, genesis, poetics]. Doctoral diss. Yaroslav-the-Wise Novgorod State Uni-versity, 2009. (In Russian)
Safronova, Yu.A. Russkoe obshchestvo v zerkale revolyutsionnogo terrora. 1879–1881 gody [Russian society in the mirror of revolutionary terror. 1879–1881]. Moscow: Novoe literaturnoe ob-ozrenie, 2014. (In Russian)
Slobin, G. Remizov’s Fictions, 1900–1921. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1991.
Slobin, G., ed. “Alexei Remizov. Approaches to a Protean Writer.” UGLA Slavic Studies, vol. 16. Columbus, OH: Slavica, 1987.
Stikhotvoreniya I.P. Kalyaeva [Poems of I.P Kalyaev]. In Ivan Platonovich Kalyaev (Otdel'nyi ottisk iz ‘Revolyutsionnoi Rossii’) [Ivan Platonovich Kalyaev (Separate impression from ‘Revolyut-sionnaya Rossiya’)], 33–41. N.p.: Tipografiya Partii Sotsial.-Revolyutsionerov, 1905. (In Russian)
Surmachev, O.G. “K voprosu o pervoi publikatsii rasskaza A. Remizova ‘Krepost'” [On the is-sue of the first publication of the story ‘The Fortress’ by A. Remizov]. Advokat Surmachev Oleg Grigor'evich. Accessed February 27, 2019. (In Russian)
Ulam, A. In the Name of the People: Prophets and Conspirators in Prerevolutionary Russia. New York: Viking Press, 1977.
Zakirov, R.S. “Reaktsiya rossiiskogo obshchestva na ubiistvo velikogo knyazya Sergeya Alek-sandrovicha (1905 god)” [The reaction of the Russian society to the assassination of Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich (1905)]. Vestnik MGGU im. M.A. Sholokhova, no. 1 (2012): 19–25. (In Rus-sian)
Keywords:
I.P. Kalyaev, A.M. Remizov, socialist revolutionary, revolutionary terror, image of a revolutionary, political exile, Vologda Governorate
For citation:
Rozanov, Y., Tikhomirov, P. “The Image of a Revolutionary Terrorist in Russia at the Beginning of the Twentieth Century (Based on Ivan Kalyaev).” Historia Provinciae – The journal of regional history, vol. 3, no. 3 (2019): 939–974, http:// doi.org/10.23859/2587-8344-2019-3-3-4
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
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