THE JOURNAL OF REGIONAL HISTORY V.7 No.1
Modernization of the Kazakh Institutions of Power in the Structure of West Siberian Governorate-General in the 19th Сentury
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The problem of the possibility of peaceful and mutually beneficial unification of peoples as a part of a single state is always relevant in world history. In particular, the example of the
unification of the Kazakh and Russian peoples is valuable. The purpose of this article is to identify the main features of the modernization of Kazakh institutions of power in the structure of the West Siberian Governorate-General. The work is based on the results of the analysis of historiography and archival documents from the Historical Archive of Omsk Oblast that allowed us to confirm the hypothesis that if compared with the classical empires of the Western world, the Russian Empire developed and functioned as an “empire on the contrary.” After 1822, modernization of the traditional institutions of power of the Kazakhs as a part of the West Siberian Governorate-General was carried out in stages, taking into account local specifics. The Russian authorities promoted the democratization of the traditional system of governance, gradually weakening the influence of the Kazakh aristocracy, which was already losing the trust of the people. At the same time, preference was given to talented representatives of the ordinary people who had earned authority in the society by their conscientious work on leading positions in the administration or as traditional judges called biys. Since the vector of administrative and political integration was directed towards unification, after 1868, the positions of the imperial administration were getting stronger and stronger. At the uyezd level, the representatives of the Kazakh aristocracy, sultans, were replaced by uyezd chiefs. They were Russian officers, who were endowed with full military, police, administrative, and judicial power. Every uyezd chief had a senior assistant and a junior assistant, and the latter was usually a Kazakh. At the same time, at the volost level, volost rulers were chosen from among the Kazakh population. They usually had great influence, especially in administrative and economic issues. In the sphere of the court, Kazakh biys continued to maintain their longlasting authority among the Kazakh population. The study of the modernization of Kazakh institutions of power in the structure of the West Siberian Governorate-General shows that unlike the classical empires that carried out colonization based on pumping out resources of a colonized country and imposing the only possible system of their own laws and their civilization, the Russian Empire was formed on the basis of the principles of integration of peoples within a multinational state. The analysis of the administrative modernization carried out in the Kazakh steppe confirms that, among other things, the policy of the Russian Empire was aimed at a dialogue between two cultures and peoples, the purpose of which was not displacement or destruction, but reasonable compromise and successful cooperation.
unification of the Kazakh and Russian peoples is valuable. The purpose of this article is to identify the main features of the modernization of Kazakh institutions of power in the structure of the West Siberian Governorate-General. The work is based on the results of the analysis of historiography and archival documents from the Historical Archive of Omsk Oblast that allowed us to confirm the hypothesis that if compared with the classical empires of the Western world, the Russian Empire developed and functioned as an “empire on the contrary.” After 1822, modernization of the traditional institutions of power of the Kazakhs as a part of the West Siberian Governorate-General was carried out in stages, taking into account local specifics. The Russian authorities promoted the democratization of the traditional system of governance, gradually weakening the influence of the Kazakh aristocracy, which was already losing the trust of the people. At the same time, preference was given to talented representatives of the ordinary people who had earned authority in the society by their conscientious work on leading positions in the administration or as traditional judges called biys. Since the vector of administrative and political integration was directed towards unification, after 1868, the positions of the imperial administration were getting stronger and stronger. At the uyezd level, the representatives of the Kazakh aristocracy, sultans, were replaced by uyezd chiefs. They were Russian officers, who were endowed with full military, police, administrative, and judicial power. Every uyezd chief had a senior assistant and a junior assistant, and the latter was usually a Kazakh. At the same time, at the volost level, volost rulers were chosen from among the Kazakh population. They usually had great influence, especially in administrative and economic issues. In the sphere of the court, Kazakh biys continued to maintain their longlasting authority among the Kazakh population. The study of the modernization of Kazakh institutions of power in the structure of the West Siberian Governorate-General shows that unlike the classical empires that carried out colonization based on pumping out resources of a colonized country and imposing the only possible system of their own laws and their civilization, the Russian Empire was formed on the basis of the principles of integration of peoples within a multinational state. The analysis of the administrative modernization carried out in the Kazakh steppe confirms that, among other things, the policy of the Russian Empire was aimed at a dialogue between two cultures and peoples, the purpose of which was not displacement or destruction, but reasonable compromise and successful cooperation.
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Astana: Foliant, 2001. (In Russian)
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borderlands in 1822–1838)]. Irtysh, is. 2 (1994): 97–117. (In Russian)
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S.M. Chervonnaya. Moscow: Progress-Traditsiya, 2000. (In Russian)
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in the 19th century]. In Stepnoi krai: zona vzaimodeistviya russkogo i kazakhskogo narodov (XVIII–XX vv.): materialy II Mezhdunarodnoi nauchnoi konferentsii (Omsk – Kokshetau,
01–05 iyunya 2001 g.) [General Governorship of the Steppe: a zone of interaction between the Russian and Kazakh peoples (18th – 20th centuries): proceedings of the 2nd International Scientific Conference (Omsk – Kokshetau, June 01–05, 2001)], edited by A.P. Tolochko, 51–52. Omsk: Omskii gosudarstvennyi universitet im. F.M. Dostoevskogo, 2001. (In Russian)
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Levshin, A.I. Opisanie kirgiz-kazach'ikh ili kirgiz-kaisatskikh ord i stepei [Description of Kirghiz-Cossack or Kirghiz-Kaisak hordes and steppes]. 3 pts. Pt. 3, Etnograficheskie izvestiya
[Ethnographic transactions]. St Petersburg: Tipografiya Karla Kraiya, 1832. (In Russian)
Narbaev, N.B. Gosudarstvennyi Sovet Rossii i Kazakhstan (60–90-e gody XIX v.) [The State Council of Russia and Kazakhstan (the 1860s – 1890s)]. Moskva: Izdatel'stvo RUDN, 1993. (In Russian)
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(19th – 20th centuries)]. Almaty: Gylym, 1995. (In Russian)
Pokrovskii, M.N. “Srednyaya Aziya” [Central Asia]. In Entsiklopedicheskii slovar' russkogo bibliograficheskogo instituta Granat [The Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Granat Russian
Bibliographical Institute]. 72 vols. Vol. 41, pt. 4, Soyuz Soyuzov – Strelkovskii [Union of Unions – Strelkovskii], edited by Yu.S. Gambarov, et al., 268–78. Moscow: Russkii Bibliograficheskii
institut Granat, 1937. (In Russian)
Pozdneev, A. “Kirgiz-kaisaki” [Kirghiz-Kaisaks]. In Entsiklopedicheskii slovar' Brokgauza i Efrona [Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopaedic Dictionary], vol. 15 (29), Kerosin – Koaie [Kerosene – Coyet], edited by K.K. Arsen'ev, and F.F. Petrushevskii, 95–101. St Petersburg: Tipolitografiya I.A. Efrona, 1895. (In Russian)
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Rumyantsev, P.P., comp. Kirgizskii narod v proshlom i nastoyashchem [The Kyrgyz people in the past and present]. St Petersburg: Pereselencheskoe upravlenie Glavnogo upravleniya
zemleustroistva i zemledeliya, 1910. (In Russian)
Semenyuk, G.I. Problemy istorii kochevykh plemen i narodov perioda feodalizma: na materialakh Kazakhstana [Problems of the history of nomadic tribes and peoples of the period of
feudalism: based on the materials from Kazakhstan]. Kalinin: [n. p.], 1973. (In Russian)
Shoinbaev, T.Zh. Dobrovol'noe vkhozhdenie kazakhskikh zemel' v sostav Rossii [Voluntary accession of the Kazakh lands to Russia]. Alma-Ata: Kazakhstan, 1982. (In Russian)
Suleimenov, B.S., and V.Ya. Basin. Kazakhstan v sostave Rossii v XVIII – nachale XX v. [Kazakhstan as part of Russia in the 18th – early 20th century]. Alma-Ata: Nauka, 1981. (In
Russian)
Tulepbaev, B.A., ed. Naveki vmeste. K 250-letiyu dobrovol'nogo prisoedineniya Kazakhstana k Rossii: materialy Vsesoyuznoi nauchno-teoreticheskoi konferentsii (Alma-Ata, 28–30 sentyabrya 1981 g.) [Together forever. To the 250th anniversary of the voluntary accession of Kazakhstan to Russia: proceedings of the All-Union Scientific and Theoretical Conference (Alma-Ata, September 28–30, 1981). Alma-Ata: Nauka, 1982. (In Russian)
Vasil'ev, D.V. “Reformy upravleniya kazakhami zapadnosibirskogo vedomstva v pervoi polovine XIX v.” [Administration reforms in the Kazakh area of the West Siberian Governorate
General in the first half of the 19th century]. Vestnik Omskogo universiteta. Seriya: Istoricheskie nauki, no. 3 (7) (2015): 10–15. (In Russian)
Venyukov, M. “O novom razdelenii Aziatskoi Rossii” [On the new division of Asian Russia]. In Izvestiya Imperatorskogo Russkogo geograficheskogo obshchestva [Proceedings of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society], edited by K.F. Litke, vol. 8, no. 8, 312–30. St Petersburg: Tipografiya V. Bezobrazova i kompanii, 1872. (In Russian)
Vyatkin, M. Ocherki po istorii Kazakhskoi SSR [Essays on the history of the Kazakh SSR]. Vol. 1, S drevneishikh vremen do 1870 g. [From ancient times to 1870]. Moscow: OGIZ;
Leningrad: Gospolitizdat, 1941. (In Russian)
Zhirenchin, K.A. Politicheskoe razvitie Kazakhstana v XIX – nachale XX vekov [Political development of Kazakhstan in the 19th – early 20th centuries]. Almaty: Zhety Zhargy, 1996. (In
Russian)
Apollova, N.G. Ekonomicheskie i politicheskie svyazi Kazakhstana s Rossiei v XVIII – nachale XIX v. [Economic and political relations between Kazakhstan and Russia in the 18th – early
19th centuries]. Moscow: Izdatel'stvo Akademii nauk SSSR, 1960. (In Russian)
Apollova, N.G. Khozyaistvennoe osvoenie Priirtysh'ya v kontse XVI – pervoi polovine XIX v. [Economic development of the Irtysh region in the late 16th – first half of the 19th century].
Moscow: Nauka, 1976. (In Russian)
Artykbaev, Zh.O. Kazakhskoe obshchestvo: traditsii i innovatsii [The Kazakh society: traditions and innovations]. Astana: Parasat, 2003. (In Russian)
Asfendiarov, S.D. Istoriya Kazakhstana (s drevneishikh vremen) [History of Kazakhstan (since ancient times)]. Vol. 1. Alma-Ata; Moscow: Kazakhstanskoe kraevoe izdatel'stvo, 1935. (In
Russian)
Babkov, I.F. Vospominaniya o moei sluzhbe v Zapadnoi Sibiri (1859–1875) [Memories of my service in Western Siberia (1859–1875)]. St Petersburg: Tipografiya V.F. Kirshbauma, 1912. (In Russian)
Bekmakhanov, E.B. Kazakhstan v 20–40 gody XIX v. [Kazakhstan in the 1820s – 1840s]. AlmaAta: Kazakhskoe ob"edinennoe gosudarstvennoe izdatel'stvo, 1947. (In Russian)
Bekmakhanov, E.B. Prisoedinenie Kazakhstana k Rossii [Accession of Kazakhstan to Russia]. Moscow: Izdatel'stvo AN SSSR, 1957. (In Russian)
Bekmakhanova, N.E. Mnogonatsional'noe naselenie Kazakhstana i Kirgizii v epokhu kapitalizma (60-e gody XIX v. – 1917 g.) [The multinational population of Kazakhstan and
Kirghizia in the era of capitalism (the 1860s – 1917)]. Moscow: Nauka, 1986. (In Russian)
Bezvikonnaya, E.V. “Spetsifika pravovykh otnoshenii v stepnykh oblastyakh Rossiiskoi imperii (XIX v.)” [Specifics of legal relations in the steppe regions of the Russian Empire
(the 19th century)]. In Stepnoi krai Evrazii: istoriko-kul'turnye vzaimodeistviya i sovremennost': tezisy dokladov i soobshchenii III nauchnoi konferentsii [The Steppe land of Eurasia: historical and cultural interactions and modernity: abstracts of the 3rd scientific conference], edited by A.P. Tolochko, et al., 88–89. Omsk: Omskii gosudarstvennyi universitet, 2003. (In Russian)
Bronevskii, S.B. “Zapiski o kirgiz-kaisakakh Srednei Ordy” [Notes on the Kirghiz-Kaisaks of the Middle Horde]. Otechestvennye zapiski, izdavaemye Pavlom Svin'inym, pt. 41 (1830): 400–20; pt. 42 (1830): 162–94; pt. 43 (1830): 194–285. (In Russian)
Bukeikhanov, A.N. “Kirgizy” [The Kirghiz people]. In Formy natsional'nogo dvizheniya v sovremennykh gosudarstvakh: Avstro-Vengriya. Rossiya. Germaniya [Forms of national movement
in modern countries: Austria-Hungary. Russia. Germany], edited by A.I. Kastelyanskii, 577–600. St Petersburg: Obshchestvennaya pol'za, 1910. (In Russian)
Erkin, A.A. Istoriya gosudarstva i prava respubliki Kazakhstan (s drevneishikh vremen do 1992 g.) [History of state and law of the Republic of Kazakhstan (from ancient times to 1992)].
Astana: Foliant, 2001. (In Russian)
Galuzo, P.G. Turkestan-koloniya (Ocherki kolonial'noi politiki russkogo tsarizma v Srednei Azii) [Turkestan Colony (Essays on the colonial policy of Russian tsarism in Central Asia)].
Tashkent: Gosudarstvennoe izdatel'stvo UzSSR, 1935. (In Russian)
Januszkiewicz, A. Dnevniki i pis'ma iz puteshestviya po kazakhskim stepyam [Diaries and letters from a journey through the Kazakh steppe]. Translated from Polish by F. Steklova. Alma-Ata: Kazakhstan, 1966. (In Russian)
Kanaki, K. “Pervaya Omskaya oblast', ili Litsom k poludennoi Azii: (iz istorii Om. Pogranich'ya v 1822–1838 gg.)” [The first Omsk Oblast, or facing midday Asia: (From the history of Omsk
borderlands in 1822–1838)]. Irtysh, is. 2 (1994): 97–117. (In Russian)
Kappeler, A. Rossiya – mnogonatsional'naya imperiya. Vozniknovenie, istoriya, raspad [Russia as a multinational empire. Emergence, history, disintegration]. Translated from German by
S.M. Chervonnaya. Moscow: Progress-Traditsiya, 2000. (In Russian)
Kasymbaev, Zh.K. Pod nadezhnuyu zashchitu Rossii [Under the reliable protection of Russia]. Alma-Ata: Kazakhstan, 1986. (In Russian)
Koldybaeva, S.S. “Russko-kazakhskie svyazi v razvitii pravovykh sistem v kazakhskoi stepi v XIX v.” [Russian-Kazakh relations in the development of legal systems in the Kazakh steppe
in the 19th century]. In Stepnoi krai: zona vzaimodeistviya russkogo i kazakhskogo narodov (XVIII–XX vv.): materialy II Mezhdunarodnoi nauchnoi konferentsii (Omsk – Kokshetau,
01–05 iyunya 2001 g.) [General Governorship of the Steppe: a zone of interaction between the Russian and Kazakh peoples (18th – 20th centuries): proceedings of the 2nd International Scientific Conference (Omsk – Kokshetau, June 01–05, 2001)], edited by A.P. Tolochko, 51–52. Omsk: Omskii gosudarstvennyi universitet im. F.M. Dostoevskogo, 2001. (In Russian)
Kozybaev, M.K. Kazakhstan na rubezhe vekov: razmyshleniya i poiski [Kazakhstan at the turn of the century: reflections and searches]. 2 bks. Bk. 1. Almaty: Galym, 2000. (In Russian)
Kozybaev, M.K., ed. Istoriya Kazakhstana (s drevneishikh vremen do nashikh dnei) [History of Kazakhstan (from ancient times to the present day)]. 4 vols. Vol. 3. Almaty: Atamura, 2000. (In Russian)
Levshin, A.I. Opisanie kirgiz-kazach'ikh ili kirgiz-kaisatskikh ord i stepei [Description of Kirghiz-Cossack or Kirghiz-Kaisak hordes and steppes]. 3 pts. Pt. 3, Etnograficheskie izvestiya
[Ethnographic transactions]. St Petersburg: Tipografiya Karla Kraiya, 1832. (In Russian)
Narbaev, N.B. Gosudarstvennyi Sovet Rossii i Kazakhstan (60–90-e gody XIX v.) [The State Council of Russia and Kazakhstan (the 1860s – 1890s)]. Moskva: Izdatel'stvo RUDN, 1993. (In Russian)
Nurov, K.I. Pravovaya i ekonomicheskaya modernizatsiya traditsionnoi struktury Kazakhstana (XIX–XX vv.) [Legal and economic modernization of the traditional structure of Kazakhstan
(19th – 20th centuries)]. Almaty: Gylym, 1995. (In Russian)
Pokrovskii, M.N. “Srednyaya Aziya” [Central Asia]. In Entsiklopedicheskii slovar' russkogo bibliograficheskogo instituta Granat [The Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Granat Russian
Bibliographical Institute]. 72 vols. Vol. 41, pt. 4, Soyuz Soyuzov – Strelkovskii [Union of Unions – Strelkovskii], edited by Yu.S. Gambarov, et al., 268–78. Moscow: Russkii Bibliograficheskii
institut Granat, 1937. (In Russian)
Pozdneev, A. “Kirgiz-kaisaki” [Kirghiz-Kaisaks]. In Entsiklopedicheskii slovar' Brokgauza i Efrona [Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopaedic Dictionary], vol. 15 (29), Kerosin – Koaie [Kerosene – Coyet], edited by K.K. Arsen'ev, and F.F. Petrushevskii, 95–101. St Petersburg: Tipolitografiya I.A. Efrona, 1895. (In Russian)
Radlov, V.V. Iz Sibiri: Stranitsy dnevnika [From Siberia: Diary Pages]. Translated from German by K.D. Tsivina, and B.E. Chistova. Moscow: Nauka, 1989. (In Russian)
Rumyantsev, P.P., comp. Kirgizskii narod v proshlom i nastoyashchem [The Kyrgyz people in the past and present]. St Petersburg: Pereselencheskoe upravlenie Glavnogo upravleniya
zemleustroistva i zemledeliya, 1910. (In Russian)
Semenyuk, G.I. Problemy istorii kochevykh plemen i narodov perioda feodalizma: na materialakh Kazakhstana [Problems of the history of nomadic tribes and peoples of the period of
feudalism: based on the materials from Kazakhstan]. Kalinin: [n. p.], 1973. (In Russian)
Shoinbaev, T.Zh. Dobrovol'noe vkhozhdenie kazakhskikh zemel' v sostav Rossii [Voluntary accession of the Kazakh lands to Russia]. Alma-Ata: Kazakhstan, 1982. (In Russian)
Suleimenov, B.S., and V.Ya. Basin. Kazakhstan v sostave Rossii v XVIII – nachale XX v. [Kazakhstan as part of Russia in the 18th – early 20th century]. Alma-Ata: Nauka, 1981. (In
Russian)
Tulepbaev, B.A., ed. Naveki vmeste. K 250-letiyu dobrovol'nogo prisoedineniya Kazakhstana k Rossii: materialy Vsesoyuznoi nauchno-teoreticheskoi konferentsii (Alma-Ata, 28–30 sentyabrya 1981 g.) [Together forever. To the 250th anniversary of the voluntary accession of Kazakhstan to Russia: proceedings of the All-Union Scientific and Theoretical Conference (Alma-Ata, September 28–30, 1981). Alma-Ata: Nauka, 1982. (In Russian)
Vasil'ev, D.V. “Reformy upravleniya kazakhami zapadnosibirskogo vedomstva v pervoi polovine XIX v.” [Administration reforms in the Kazakh area of the West Siberian Governorate
General in the first half of the 19th century]. Vestnik Omskogo universiteta. Seriya: Istoricheskie nauki, no. 3 (7) (2015): 10–15. (In Russian)
Venyukov, M. “O novom razdelenii Aziatskoi Rossii” [On the new division of Asian Russia]. In Izvestiya Imperatorskogo Russkogo geograficheskogo obshchestva [Proceedings of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society], edited by K.F. Litke, vol. 8, no. 8, 312–30. St Petersburg: Tipografiya V. Bezobrazova i kompanii, 1872. (In Russian)
Vyatkin, M. Ocherki po istorii Kazakhskoi SSR [Essays on the history of the Kazakh SSR]. Vol. 1, S drevneishikh vremen do 1870 g. [From ancient times to 1870]. Moscow: OGIZ;
Leningrad: Gospolitizdat, 1941. (In Russian)
Zhirenchin, K.A. Politicheskoe razvitie Kazakhstana v XIX – nachale XX vekov [Political development of Kazakhstan in the 19th – early 20th centuries]. Almaty: Zhety Zhargy, 1996. (In
Russian)
Keywords:
modernization, West Siberian Governorate-General, traditional institutions of power, sultan, power, integration, administration, biy
For citation:
Bezkaravaeva, N.M. “Modernization of the Kazakh Institutions of Power in the
Structure of West Siberian Governorate-General in the 19th Сentury.” Historia Provinciae – the Journal of Regional History, vol. 7, no. 1 (2023): 238–93. https://doi.org/10.23859/2587-8344-2023-7-1-6
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
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